Geography and Climate
Ludhiana is located at 30.9° N 75.85° E. It has an average elevation of 244 metres (798 ft). Ludhiana is the most centrally located district which falls in the Malwa region of the State of Punjab. For Administrative purposes it has been placed in the Patiala Division. It is bounded on the north by River Sutlej which separates it from Jalandhar district. The River also forms its northern boundary with Hoshiarpur district. On other sides it shares common boundaries with Rupnagar district in the East, Moga district in the West, and Sangrur & Patiala districts in the South and South east respectively. Total geographical area of the district is 3,767 km².
As of 2001 India census, Ludhiana City had a population of 1,395,053. Males constitute 57% of the population and females 43%. Ludhiana has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 68%. In Ludhiana, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The total population of the district as per 2001 census is 3,030,352 ( Rural : 1,339,566 & Urban : 1,690,786). The density of population per km² is 804 persons.
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Flora and Fauna
A variety of mammals like the Smooth Indian Otter, Hog Deer, Wild Boar, Flying Fox, Wildcat, Squirrel, Fruitbat, Common Mongoose can be seen here.
All kind of migratory and exotic birds can be seen here specially during the winters. The frequent ones are Great Crested Grebe, White Necked Stork, Adjutant Stork, Glossy Ibis, Pintail, Gadwall, Eastern Purple Heron, Brahminy, Mallard, Wigeon, Spotbill Duck, Coot, Tailor Bird, Peafowl, Ruddy Sheduck.
Reptiles and Amphibians like Turtle, Snakes, Frogs, Tortoise and Toads.
The important fishes are Abeo, Catla, Puntius, Cirrhina, Channa, Mystus, Notopterus, Cyperinus, Ambasis ranga.
Plants Among the flora are terrestrial & aquatic plants, major ones being Dalbergia, Prosopis, Albizzia, Ficus, Azolla, Hydrilla, Nelumbo, Typha, Phragmites, Zizyphus Mauritiana, Syzgium cumini, Ipomoea aquatica, Cyprus and Grasses.
Certain rare animals and birds like Indian Skimmer, Yellow-eyed Pigeon, Rufous-vented Prinia, Scaup Duck, Falcated Teal, Testudine turtle, etc.
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